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HISTORY 4 CORNERS
American Indians of the 4 Corners The Americas Story The boundaries of the 4 Corners area were defined by the American Indians hundreds of years ago. American Indians of the 4 Corners ~ Spanish Period 1598-1970 ~ The US Government takes control 1846 ~ Mining, Railroads & Homesteaders 1870’s to 1900 ~ Mining Towns ~ Railroad Towns ~ Ranching & Farming Communities ~ Mormon Communities ~ Roads & Trails ~ Navajo Settlement Patterns 1600-1987 ~ World War II 1944 ~ Environmental Disasters ~ The Landscape ~
Evidence of Indians in the 4 corners after the last Ice Age – 10,000 BC 9500 BC – 9000 BC Rio Puerco Basin NM 8000 - 5000 BC San Luis Valley CO 8000 BC – 500 BC South East UT Link to: San Juan County UT 8000 BC – 1500 AD Bandelier Link to PARKS & MONUMENTS 7500 BC - - - - - - Hovenweep Link to San Juan County UT 7000 BC - - - - - - Black Mesa AZ 6000 BC - - - - - - San Juan River Basin 5300 - 3000 BC - - - Chama River Valley 3000 BC - - - - - - - Taos NM Area
Se’da, or Hisatsinom, more commonly known as the Anasazi TOP were the Pueblo People who lived in permanent communities
850 AD – 1100 AD Chaco Culture Link to PARKS & MONUMENTS 1200 AD - - - - - - Canyon de Chelly Link to CHINLE AGENCY 500 AD -700 AD HOPI TRIBE 700 AD - - - - - - - Villages on the Three Mesas of the HOPI TRIBE 500-750 AD - - - - Mesa Verde CO - Link to Montezuma County CO 600 AD–1300 AD - - Cliff Dwellers – found in NM, CO, UT & AZ 950 AD-1150 AD - - Chimney Rock NM Link to Archuleta County CO 1060 AD - - - - - - - Pueblo Pintado NM Link to: EASTERN AGENCY 11th Century - - - - - Salmon Puins NM Link to San Juan County NM 1100 AD -1200 AD Aztec Pueblo NM Link to San Juan County NM 1200’s AD - - - - - - -Tewa Pueblo people living in the Chama Valley NM The 8 Northern Pueblos
SANTA CLARA PUEBLO 700 AD (Puye Cliffs) – 1400 AD Pueblo established POJOAQUE PUEBLO 900 AD TAOS PUEBLO 1000 AD PICURIS PUEBLO 12th Century TESUQUE PUEBLO 900 AD (Poshu, foothills) – 1200 AD Pueblo established SAN JUAN PUEBLO (now Ohkay Owingeh) 1200’s SAN ILDEFONSO PUEBLO 1200’s NAMBE PUEBLO 1300’s
Tribes of the 4 Corners TOP
UTE TRIBES HISTORY– 400 AD-1200 AD Link to UTE MOUNTAIN UTE UTE MOUNTAIN UTE – White Mesa Ute Council Established 1978 NAVAJO 900 AD -1525 AD SE of Farmington – 1200’s Canyon de Chelly JICARILLA APACHE - Migrated out of Canada – 1300 AD-1500 AD SAN JUAN SOUTHERN PAIUTE – Paiutes entered Utah 1100 AD -1200 AD
In 1598 the American Indians of the 4 Corners were in their “golden years”. When the Spanish came to New Mexico in 1598 there were 100 Pueblos, and 50,000 people. In 1680 when the Pueblos defeated the Spanish and they were expelled from New Mexico, there were only 22 Pueblos and 14,000 Pueblo Indians left.
(1598 to about 1870) (Under 4 flags, Spain, Mexico, Confederate, & United States) The only non-Indian Settlements west of Mississippi were Spanish until 1846 when the Mormons came to Salt Lake City
The Spanish Conquistadors from SPAIN came to MEXICO, and with their Aztec wives and servants, they traveled north on a road they forged called the “El Camino Real”. This led to pre-New Mexico where they followed the Rio Grande River to SAN JUAN PUEBLO (now called Okay Owingeh Pueblo). There they established their first settlement, San Gabriel, the most remote outpost of the Spanish Empire. They were Isolated for 250 Years – The Spanish men in the beginning married Aztec women, and when they came to New Mexico the Pueblo women. Over time there was an amalgamation of the cultures of the Spanish, Mexican and Pueblo Indians. A unique culture was developed. Link to SPANISH COLONIAL CULTURE
1598 – San Juan Bautista/San Gabriel - See SPANISH COLONIAL HISTORY The Spanish occupy all the Pueblos and force then to become Catholic and provide tribute of goods and labor. The Spanish brought horses, mules, donkeys, cattle, sheep, chickens, garden vegetables, fruit trees, grape vines, tomatoes, wheeled wagons, plows, sickles, iron tools, and state of the art weapons, 1600’s Spanish capture Navajos, Utes & Apaches, forcing them into slavery. 1607-1705 - Jamestown VA settled 1620 – Pilgrims settle Plymouth Colony 1680 The Pueblo Revolt – The Pueblo Indians defeat the Spanish and forced them to flee back to Mexico SPANISH COLONIAL HISTORY 1692 Re-conquest of New Mexico by the Spanish – Santa Fe become the Southern Seat of New Mexico and Santa Cruz NM became the Northern Seat of New Mexico. Both were Crown Colonies of Spain. 1700’s Annual Trade Fairs are held at Abiquiu, Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo, & Taos Town. New Mexicans traveled to the fall trade fair in Chihuahua MX, (Link to Mexico). Some even traveled to the Acapulco Fair when the Manila Galleons arrived with their colossal treasure. Link to Spain 1770’s – Settlers from the Northern Seat of New Mexico were granted Spanish Land Grants & they began to move along river and streams to form Villages Embudo, Velarde, Dixon, Hernandez Link to Espanola El Rito, Ojo Calente, Gallina, Link to Rio Arriba Communities Cuba, La Jara, Regina Link to Sandoval County NM Chimayo, Truchas Cordova, Link to NM Hwy 76 Los Ojos, Los Brazos, Abiquiu, Link to Chama Valley NM 1776 American Revolutionary War – 1779 Spain declares war on England. Spain’s aid to the American Rebels before and during the war was decisive in the victory of the American People over England. “Spain & the American Revolutionary War” Link to SPAIN 1776 Spanish Expedition looking for a route to CA, crossed the Colorado River at “Crossing of the Fathers:, near pre-Lee’s Ferry 1821 Mexico defeats Spain - Mexican Independence – Now the settlers became citizens of the Republic of Mexico. Trading Tariffs were lifted. Officials from Spain and the Catholic Church were banned from New Mexico Link to SPANISH COLONIAL HISTORY 1821 Commercial Trading begins between western Missouri and Chichuacha MX on the Santa Fe Trail, and between Santa Fe and Los Angeles CA on the Old Spanish Trail – the most profitable trading network on the Western Hemisphere - Link to SPANISH COLONIAL HISTORY 1882 Trappers work the rivers and streams at Rico CO – Link to Dolores County CO
1846 – 1848 – U.S. Mexican War. The US Military defeats the New Mexico Spanish Settlers at Santa Fe. The Taos Rebellion followed. New Mexico becomes a Territory of the United States – Link to: SPANISH COLONIAL HISTORY 1848-47 Charles Freemont’s expedition tried to cross the La Garita Mountains in the winter and had to be rescued. 1851 The US builds forts to control the Indians – The UTE Indians - Ft. Massachutes (1851) - Ft. Garland (1858) Link to Costilla County CO and Ft. Lewis (1878) at Pagosa Springs Link to Archuleta County CO The NAVAJO at Ft. Defiance (1851) Link to Ft. Defiance Agency and Ft. Wingate (1862) Link to McKinley County NM 1851 Spanish Settlers from the Northern Seat of New Mexico who received Mexican Land Grants begin to move north and west to form Villages The San Juan River Basin Le Baca, Rosa, Pagosa Junction, Arbles, Juanita, La Posta pre-Archuleta County CO & Pre Rio Arriba County Communities Pre-Taos County North NM Arroyo Hondo, Arroyo Seco,Costilla, El Prado, Llano, Pilar, Questa Pre-Conejos County CO: Capulin, Conejos, Espanosa, Guadalupe, La Jara, La Sauces, Los Cerritos, Los Pinos, Magote, Mesita, Ortiz, San Antonio, Servieta Pre-Costilla County CO: Blanca, Canon, Chama CO, Jarosa, Mesita, San Acacio, San Francisco, San Luis, San Pablo, San Rafael, Trinchera Pre-Rio Grade County CO: Auga Ramon, Del Norte, La Loma, Loma, Lucero Plaza, San Jose, Seven Mile Plaza, South Fork Pre-Saguache County CO: Canero, La Garita, Los Mogates, Saguache, Villa Grove Pre-San Juan County CO: Along the Animas River & the Silverton Area
1860 Navajo Warriors attack Ft. Defiance TOP 1860’s Aiquiu NM becomes the launching point for expeditions to the mines in the San Juan Mountains 1861-1862 US Civil war in New Mexico – The Battles of Gloretta & Velarde Link to SPANISH COLONIAL HISTORY
1864–1887 The U.S. Places all the Tribal Indians on Reservations 1864 Navajo Long Walk - 8,000 Navajo people were force marched to a concentration camp at Ft. Sumner NM and imprisoned there for 4 years. 3,000 people die. Link to Navajo Nation 1878 The Navajo return home and a Navajo Reservation was established. The land base was extended 15 times, from 1868-1991 Link to Navajo Nation 1875 Southern Ute Reservation Established - Ignacio Town CO – 1875 Ute Mountain Ute Reservation Established – Towac Town CO 1880 Hopi Reservation Established - Villages on the 3 Mesas 1887 Jicarilla Apache Reservation Established Dulce Town NM 1990 San Juan Southern Paiute Reservation Established – In 1882 the Navajo Nation incorporated their land during a land expansion. It was finally returned in 1990. Town of Hidden Springs 1869 New Mexico became the main sheep producer in the U.S. 1870’s Colorado grew by 500% because of the mines and railroads 1876 COLORADO becomes a State
Mining, Railroads & Homesteaders Hard Rock Mining of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead & Zinc (120 Years 1870-1991) There were more millionaires in the San Juan Mining District than any other place in the U.S., mine owners, railroad executives, lumber barons, & bankers.
Workers came from China, England, Wales, Ireland, Poland, Italy, Austria, the Netherlands, Serbia, Croatia, France, Germany. Russia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, & Lebanon
1870 Silverton San Juan County CO - First Mine – Now Tourist Town - 1870 Lake City Hinsdale County CO – Now Tourist Town - 1875 Telluride –San Miguel County CO - Now Tourist Town – Festivals – World Class Performers - 1875 Ouray Ouray County CO – Now Tourist Town - 1880’s Platoro Conejos County CO – Hunting/Fishing 1880’s Summitville Rio Grande County CO 1880 Bonanza Saguache County CO – Now Tourist Town - 1880 Crestone Saguache County CO – Short-line Railroad 1901 - Now Tourist Town – New Age & Eastern Religious Centers 1891 Creede Mineral County CO – “Wildest Mining Town in Colorado” – Now Tourist Town - Mineral County CO 1892 Placerville San Miguel County CO
1891 Ames Generating Plant – Built to power the mines & mills. First Commercial AC Hydroelectric Generating Plant in the world – San Miguel County CO 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act – Congress buys silver - Mining Boom 1893 Silver Panic – Sherman Silver Purchase Act rescinded - Mines closed -
The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad (D&RG) had the largest narrow gage network in the U.S.—The narrow gage railroad could navigate tight curves and steep grades. D&RG Railroad MAP – http://www.drgw.net/info/uploads/Main/rgmap.gif
1877 Railroad over “La Veta Pass” to Garland City CO 1878 D&RG Railroad from Garland City into Alamosa CO 1878 Alamosa CO – Link to Alamosa County CO Alamosa was a hub for freighting before & after the railroad came (ox-drawn wagons) 1880 Antonito CO – Link to Conejos County CO 1880 Chama – Link to Chama Valley NM 1881 Gallup NM – Railhead of the transcontinental “Atlantic & Pacific Railroad” – 60 coal mines were in operation - the railroad opened Markets for Navajo & Pueblo Indian Arts – Link to McKinley County NM 1881 Durango CO – “Smelter City” Hub - produced Uranium in WWII 1881 Silverton CO - Silverton had 3 short line railroads leading to mines– Silverton Railroad, Silverton & Northern Railroad, & Silverton, Gladstone & Northerly Railroad - Link to San Juan County CO 1880 Salida CO – Salida Division Point for the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad (D&RGW) “Crossroads of the Rockies” Link to Chaffee County CO 1882 Del Norte CO – Hub and supply center for the San Juan Mountains – Link Rio Grande County CO 1891 Ridgway CO Link Ouray County CO 1896 Rio Grande, Pagosa & Northern Railroad – short line from Pagosa Springs to Pagosa Junction Link Archuleta County CO 1905 Farmington NM – 1905 Aztec NM – Link to San Juan County NM 1909 Historic Southern San Luis Valley Railroad – short-line from Blanca to Jarosa CO Link to Costilla County CO 1913 San Luis Central Railroad Co. “The Potato Train” – short-line from Monte Vista to Center CO Link to Rio Grande County CO The 4 Corners has three tourist trains: Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad San Luis & Rio Grande Railroad – Alamosa CO to La Veta CO http://www.sanluisandriogranderailroad.com/ The Cumbres & Toletc Railroad, Antonito CO to Chama NM Ranching and Farming Communities
Agriculture has always been the mainstay of 4 Corners – grass fed beef, sheep, hogs, beans, potatoes, grains, hay, alfalfa, corn, lettuce, cool weather crops, chili, orchard fruit, vineyards and more - 1865 Bonanza Link to: Saguache County CO Settled by Civil War Veterans 1865 Villa Grove Link to: Saguache County CO Settled by Civil War Veterans 1867 Saguache CO Link to: Saguache County CO 1876 Hesperus CO Link to La Plata County CO 1879 Norwood CO Link to: San Miguel County CO 1886 Cortez CO Link to Montezuma County CO 1870 Mancos CO Link to Montezuma County CO 1870 Bloomfield NM – Link to San Juan County NM 1870 Bayfield NM – Link to: La Plata County CO 1870’s Dolores CO – Link to Montezuma County CO 1880 Crestone CO Link to Saguache County CO 1880 Farmington NM - San Juan County NM - Apples 1881 Hermosa CO Link to La Plata County CO 1881 Moab Utah Link to Grand County UT Mormon (LDS Church) Communities The Mormons came in large groups and platted their communities
1847 Moenkopi AZ – near Tuba City – Evicted in 1902 when the Navajo Reservation expanded - Link to: South Western Ageny 1855 Elk Mountain Mission – three months – Near Moab UT 1870 Mancos CO Link to Montezuma County CO 1877 Spanish Valley near Moab Grand County UT 1879 Los Cerritos, Manassa, Eastdale, Sanford & Fox Creek Link to Conejos County CO 1880 Bluff & Monticello UT - “Hole in the Rock Trail” Link San Juan County UT 1880 Fruitland NM San Juan County NM 1877 Ramah NM, near Gallup NM 1885 Red Mesa CO - La Plata County CO
1598 El Camino Real Link SPANISH COLONIAL HISTORY 1821 Santa Fe Trail & Trappers Trail Link SPANISH COLONIAL HISTORY 1821 San Luis Valley CO Historic Passes – Link to San Luis Valley 1823 Old Spanish Trail & the Los Caminos Antiquos Link SPANISH COLONIAL HISTORY 1916 Road over Wolf Creek Pass Link to Mineral County CO 1926 US Route 66, from Chicago to Los Angeles - ran through New Mexico Link McKinley County NM 1870-1900 – Outlaw Trail from Canada to Mexico – ran through SE UT – "Outlaws in San Juan County" Link to San Juan County UT 1871 Lee’s Ferry - Travelers going to CA on the southern part of the Old Spanish Trail had to cross the CO River at Lee’s Ferry “the Grand Central Station of the West” South Western Agency – 1929 Navajo Bridge – replaced Lee’s Ferry Link South Western Agency 1956 Rio Grande Gorge Bridge near Taos NM Link Taos County North Taos Co North
1879-1919 American Indian children were forced to attend prison-like boarding schools to “Americanize them”. Abuses against the children were rampant. Link to Navajo Nation 1886 - - - UTAH becomes a state 1870 - - - Trading Posts built across the Navajo Reservation – Barter Economy - 1868-1997 Navajo Hopi Land Dispute Navajo Nation 1883 - - - Soldiers from Ft. Garland moved to Ft. Lewis (Pagosa Springs) over Elwood Pass
1600-1985 – Most of the Chapters were formed as the Navajo Nation Expanded - long after most of the other communities of the 4 Corners were established
Chinle Agency CA ~ Eastern Agency EA ~ Ft. Defiance Agency FDA ~ Shiprock Agency SA ~ Western Agency WA
1600’s Pueblo Pintado EA; Houck FDA; 1700 Canyon de Chelly CA; 1715-1750 Gobernador; 1800’s Indian Wells FDA; 1840’s Kaibeto WA; 1850’s Greasewood Springs WA; 1863 Lupton FDA, Cudeii SA; 1863 Grand Canyon, Cataract Canyon; 1868 Navajo Reservation established; Houck FDA reestablished; Ramah EA, Coyote Canyon FDA, Ft Defiance FDA; 1870 Two Grey Hills EA, Tuba City WA; Upper Fruitland SA; Ganado FDA; 1880 Gallup, 1880’s Aneth SA; Teec Nos Pos SA; 1890’s Tolani Lake WA; 1893 Naschitti FDA; 1903 Shiprock SA ; 1905 Cameron WA; 1907 Crownpoint EA; 1910 Chinle CA; 1912 Kayenta WA; 1913 Tachee/Blue Gap WA; 1920’s Sawmill FDA; 1920 Sheepsprings Chapter SA; Dennehotso WA; 1921 Olijato WA; 1928 Leupp WA; 1929 Inscription House WA; 1930 Black Mesa CA; 1930’s Standing Rock Chapter EA, Coppermine WA; Rock Springs EA; Black Mesa CA; 1934 Chilchinbeto WA, Burnham SA; 1936 Window Rock, Capitol of Navajo Nation; 1937 Many Farms CA; 1939 Shonto WA; 1940’s Cornfields FDA; 1950’s Pinon CA; Smith Lake EA; Lukachuka CA; 1952 Tohatchi FDA; 1953 Coalmine Canyon WA; 1955 Cameron WA, Mexican Springs FDA, Teesto FDA, Bird Sprngs WA; 1956 Huerfano Chapter EA, Houck FDA; Blue Gap CA; 1957 Whitecone FDA, Red Mesa SA; 1963 Klagetoh FDA; 1965 Sheep Springs SA; 1967 Red Mesa SA; 1974 Counselor Chapter EA; 1978 Cudeii (Gadhii’ahi) SA; 1979 Whippoorwill Springs CA; 1980 Casmero Lake EA; 1982 Newcomb Chapter SA; 1987 Nahata Dziil Chapter FDA
1918 Spanish Flu killed 5 out of 75 people 1912 ARIZONA & NEW MEXICO become states 1921-1925 Japanese Horticulturists from CA were brought to Jarosa CO to establish truck gardens. Other Japanese followed during WWII Link to Costilla County CO 1921 Molybdenum Corp. begins underground mining at Questa NM Taos County North 1921 The first commercially successful gas well drilled at Aztec NM San Juan Co NM 1923 American Indians become U.S. Citizens 1923 Oil found on the Navajo Reservation in SE UT - Link to Shiprock Agency 1924 “Pueblo Land Act” restores Pueblo land rights 1924 Beginning of the Chapter System for the Navajo Nation 1927 Beginning of the Chapter System for the Navajo Nation 1932 – 1935 Navajo Stock Reduction - To control soil erosion, the BIA destroyed over one-half million Navajo livestock – Navajo Economic base destroyed – Nearly caused the Navajo Nation to collapse - Link to Navajo Nation 1934 Navajo Nation Expansion “land locked” the Hopi Tribe 1936 Window Rock AZ established – the Capitol of the Navajo Nation 1941-1945 World War II Thousands of people from the 4 Corners leave for the military or to work in defense related industries
Uranium Produced at the Smelter in Durango CO Navajo Code Talkers used their language to transmit, receive, and decode vital military transmissions in WWII, Korea & Vietnam. Top Secret - Link to: Navajo Nation NM soldiers of the 200th Coast Guard Artillery were taken prisoner and forced on the Bataan Death March Link to: State of New Mexico Leupp – Japanese American Prisoners - Leupp Isolation Center – Link to: South Western Agency
1944-1986 - 3.9 Million tons of Uranium were mined on Navajo Nation for the U.S. Government during the cold war 1950 Oil, coal and gas reserves found in the San Juan Basin 1951 The first gas delivery by pipeline from the San Juan Basin to CA 1952 The largest deposit of high-grade uranium in the US was found at Moab UT Link Grand County UT 1954 Uranium Boom “get rich quick schemes” – Uranium Investing driven by US Government subsidies of uranium 1956 The second largest uranium processing mill in US built at Moab UT Link Grand County UT 1960 Alamosa to Durango Railroad discontinued 1960’s Navajo Indian Irrigation Project (NIIP) – Water delivery system from the Navajo Dam NIIP Navajo Nation 1960’s-1970’s - Large surface mines opened in San Juan County NM, McKinley County NM & Navajo County AZ 1963 Potash Mine began producing near Moab UT Link Grand County UT 1963 4 Corners Generating Plant (APS) built Link San Juan County NM TOP 1963 Navajo Coal Mine San Juan County NM 1966 Navajo-Hopi Tribes signed the largest coal strip mining lease in the US. The Kayanta/Black Mesa Mining Complex began. The largest strip mining operation in the world – Link to Hopi Tribe or Navajo Nation 1967 Tierra Amarilla Courthouse Raid – Land Grant Confutation – Chama Valley NM 1967 Counter Culture moved into northern NM and former mining towns 1969 Blue Lake returned to Taos Pueblo 1970’s NAPI (Navajo Agricultural Products Industry) – High Tech Farming Operation Link Navajo Nation 1970’s Navajo Generating Plant Link Arizona Counties 1970’s Black Mesa Railroad world’s first 50,000 Volt Railroad - to transport coal Link Navajo Nation 1973 San Juan Generating Plant Built (Public Service Co.) Link San Juan County NM 1973 San Juan Coal Mine Link San Juan County NM 1986 La Plata Coal Mine Link San Juan County NM 1990’s Navajo Generating Station near Page Link Arizona Counties 1992 San Juan Agricultural Cooperative established at San Juan Pueblo 2005 Uranium mining & milling outlawed on the Link to Navajo Nation 2005 Picuris Pueblo closed industrial mining at their Mica Mine 2006 Black Mesa Mine closed – depleted Navajo Aquifer by 60% Link Navajo Nation
1956 Aneth UT oil field – unregulated drilling – ongoing environmental damage to the land, water & the health of people & animals – Link to San Juan County UT 1979 Church Rock AZ – Largest nuclear accident in US – radioactive mill waste pond burst, spilling down the Rio Puerco Drainage Link to: Eastern Agency 1983 Questa NM - Molycorp Mine, tailings pond burst and spilled into the Red River – Link to Taos County North NM 1980’s Summitville Mine Disaster – Poisoned the Alamosa River Link to Rio Grand County CO 1986 Navajo Nation has 1100 abandoned uranium mines, tunnels & tailing piles Link to Navajo Nation
MOUNTAINS - The 4 Corners is on the highest "bump" in the US The San Juan Mountains is the largest mountain system in the US The Sangre de Cristo Mountains is the longest mountain chain in the US RIVERS The 4 Corners has more rivers and streams than any other place in the US LAKES There are 2 natural lakes and the others, lakes are reservoirs PARKS & MONUMENTS There are more parks and monuments than any other place in the US SKI 4 CORNERS There are a dozen ski areas in the 4 Corners |
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