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Links: ~ Apache Homelands ~ Jicarilla Apache after 1692 ~The Santa Fe Trail opens in 1921 ~ The Move to New Mexico ~ The Wandering at US Government Bidding ~ Jicarilla Apache Reservation 1887 ~
The APACHE (Ndee) Territory was in the mountains of northern Mexico, southern Arizona, NE New Mexico, SE Colorado and corners of the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma. The Tribes included the Jicarilla, Mescaleros, Mimbreno, Lipan, Mogollon, Gila, Tonto, White Mountain, San Carlos and Chiricahuas. The Jicarilla Apache homeland included SE CO from the Southern San Juan Mountains to the CO/KA border and NE NM. In 1541 the Spanish explorer Coronado found the Jicallia Apache people settled in the Platte and Arkansas River Valleys in Colorado (the river valleys west of Colorado Springs and Pueblo). The Jicarilla Apache planted corn/beans/squash along river valleys. The Apache people were the most nomadic of all the American Indians until the end of the 19th century. At that time they were using dogs as pack animals. ~ Apache Homelands ~ Story of the Jicarilla Apaches ~
Jicarilla Apache Tribe after 1692
The Jicarilla Apache Tribe continued to inhabit the river valleys of the Arkansas and Platte Rivers in Colorado. The Spanish did not interfere with the Jicarilla Apaches because their (Spain’s, New Mexico) northern border was the Arkansas River. After the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 many people of the Taos and Picuris Pueblo (who were allies) sought refuge with the Jicarilla Apache.
In 1803 the Louisiana Purchase by the US included the NE part of Jicarilla Apache Territory. Prospectors and explorers (i.e. Zebulon M. Pike Jr. 1807) began to cross Jicarilla Apache territory as they came west. ~ Jicarilla Apache after 1692 ~ Story of the Jicarilla Apaches ~
The Santa Fe Trail opened in 1921 (western Missouri to Santa Fe NM). As the trail came west it crossed the eastern border of present day Colorado following along the Arkansas River into Jicarilla Apache Territory. This trail was “the only” extended route leading from the Mississippi River to the west. South and west of the Arkansas River was Spanish Territory so hundreds of settlers from the east stopped on Jicarilla land in present day SE Colorado and began to settle along the Arkansas and Platte River Valleys encroaching on Jicarilla land. Competition for land, water and other natural resources began. Many conflicts began including several bloody battles.
Also in 1921 when Mexico defeated Spain, all Spanish territory became the territory of the Republic of Mexico (1821-1846), including Jicarilla Apache territory. In 1841 the Mexican Government granted the Jicarilla Apache a Land Grant of 1.7 million acres east of Taos Pueblo. When the US defeated the Republic of Mexico (1846) the Jicarilla Land Grant was not honored by the US Government and the land was sold out from under them. The Gold Rush began (1949) and brought even greater numbers of settlers from the east. ~ The Santa Fe Trail opens in 1921 ~ Story of the Jicarilla Apaches ~
By 1850 the Jicarilla Apaches left the Arkansas and Platte river valleys and moved south into NM. They divided into two groups. The Northern Jicarilla Apaches (the Ollero, mountain dwellers) and the Eastern Jicarilla Apaches (the LLlanero, plains dweller). Small groups settled in different places, the eastern plains near Tucumcuri, Taos and Picuris Pueblos, the Cimarron Valley and with the Utes in Southern Colorado. Areas of their original homes are: Dachizhozhin (site of present day Jicarilla Reservation), Golkahin & Ketsilind (both south of Taos Pueblo), Apatsiltlizhihi (at Mora) and Saitnide (the area of Espanola NM). Over time each group adopted individual customs and spoke two different dialects. Every year in the fall the two groups meet at Stone Lake South of Dulce NM to celebrate Go-Jii-Ya. ~ The Move to New Mexico ~ Story of the Jicarilla Apaches ~
The Wandering – at US Government bidding
The Jicarilla Apaches needed enough fertile land, water, grazing land and forest resources to sustain themselves. The Jicarilla Apaches were sent to the Mescalero Apache Reservation several times but there were not enough resources for the Mescalero and the Jicarilla, so they kept coming back to their former territory. In New Mexico they had to compete with Spanish settlers for land and water. The Spanish were given land grants on Jicarilla Apache land.
1841 Mexican Land Grant given to the Jicarilla Apaches 1846 US defeats Mexico - 1847 Jicarilla Mexican Land Grand rescinded by US Government 1853 250 Jicarilla Apaches settled on the Rio Puerco – the New Mexico Governor did not honor a treaty with the Jicarilla Apaches - war broke out again 1854 Jicarilla Apaches defeated US Army - Battle of Cieneguilla (Pilar NM) 1854 Reservation established in the Tierra Amarilla area – lasts 4 years 1870 Jicarilla lived on the Maxwell grant (NE NM) – Sold out from under them 1872 US Army Policy was to exterminate all Indians unless or until they agreed to surrender and live on reservations 1872-63 Sent to Ft. Stanton - Many Jicarilla came back to their homelands 1876 Moved to Ft. Stanton, again they escaped and came back 1874 Jicarilla placed again on reservation at Tierra Amerilla 1878 Act of Congress was passed to send Jicarilla Apache to Ft. Stanton, the Jicarilla Apaches refused to go south 1880 Act of 1878 repealed, Reservation was established on the Navajo River 1881 D&RG Railroad ran through Dulce NM on the way to Durango CO 1880’s Population drop to 330 persons 1883 Sent again to Ft. Stanton – not enough resources for both the Jicarilla and Mescalero Apache Late 1880’s Jicarilla leaders Garfield Velarde, Ausustine Vigil and Huero Mando went to Washington D.C. to negotiate for a Jicarilla Apache Reservation ~ The Wandering at US Government Bidding ~ Story of the Jicarilla Apaches ~
Jicarilla Apache Reservation 1887
In 1887 the Jicarilla Apache Reservation (the northern part) was established. There wasn’t enough land for the Jicarillas to farm and ranch, so in 1907 the southern part of the present day Reservation was awarded to provide adequate resources. In 1937 the Jicarilla Apache Tribal Government was established and their Constitution was approved. ~ Jicarilla Apache Reservation 1887 ~ Story of the Jicarilla Apaches ~
In the early 1920’s oil and natural gas was found on the reservation. After years of mismanagement by the US Government of their oil and gas resources the Jicarilla Apaches took control and became the first Tribe in the US to own 100% of their oil and gas-producing wells. In November 2007 the Jicarilla Apache Nation and Enterprise Products Partners L.P. formed a joint venture to own and operate natural gas gathering assets on the reservation. Coal is also found on the reservation. The Jicarilla Game and Fish Department established (JGFD) in 1957. Their Resources include agricultural lands, timber and rangelands. Wildlife on the reservation are American Bison, Mule Deer, Rocky Mountain Elk, Black Bear, Mountain Lion, Merriam's Turkey, Waterfowl and lakes stocked with Trout. In 1995 the Lodge at Chama opened. It is one of the premier Personal and Corporate retreats in the world. They offer hunting and fishing In 1977 the Jicarilla Apache Cultural Center was built. The Jicarilla Apache Community Health & Fitness Center opened in 1999 The Environmental Protection Office was Established (1993) to protect the safety and welfare of the Jicarilla Apache People, the environment, water resources and air quality 1994 Jicarilla’s expand their reservation (El Paso and Willow Creek Ranches). Two Casinos opened (2003) the Best Western Jicarilla Inn and Casino located in Dulce NM and the other the Apache Nugget Casino located 15 miles north of Cuba NM. ~ Jicarilla Apaches Today ~ Story of the Jicarilla Apaches ~
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